Download this article in PDF format. Determining the resistor values and assuring performance of the circuit associated with a photocoupler (also called an optocoupler or optoisolator) is simple in ...

Building reliable hardware requires that you account for all tolerances during the design stage. Many references discuss active component errors resulting from parameter deviations—showing how to ...

All circuits, analog or digital, have characteristics dependent on the values of their component parts. Invariably, these parts are non-ideal in many ways. Even their most fundamental characteristics, ...

A potential divider, also known as a voltage divider, is a simple yet essential circuit used to reduce voltage to a desired level. It consists of two resistors connected in series close seriesA way of ...

This resistor with bands of red, violet, yellow, and gold has a value of 270,000 ohms (270kΩ) with a tolerance of ±5%. \( \begin{eqnarray*}\text{R}_\text{t ...